One of the oldest recognized breeds in the world, Shorthorn cattle
originated in Northeastern England in the Valley of the Tees River. Much
of the early improvement work took place in the counties of
Northumberland, Durham and York.
The first importation of Shorthorns to the United States was in 1783,
when 'Milk Breed' Shorthorns came to Virginia. These early importations,
often referred to as 'Durhams', became favorites of the pioneer,
furnishing meat, milk and power.
Shorthorns, the most numerous in the British Isles, America and
Australia, are either red, red and white, white or roan, the last named
color being a very close mixture of red and white, and found in no other
breed of cattle.
Origin, History and Development
Into the North Sea, on the east coast of England just north of the bulge
toward Europe, a river, the Tees, empties. It was along this river that
the Shorthorn breed was developed. The earliest knowledge of the
forerunners to the breed is word of mouth, that for two hundred years
before 1780, there were short horned cattle on the Yorkshire estates of
the Dukes and Earls of Northumberland. Shorthorn stock had been in the
herds of Smithsons of Stanwick since the middle 1600's.
Several men helped to bring the breed to its present high standard of
perfection by selecting animals that were best suited to meet the
demands of practical farmers.
In Shorthorn history, the names of Bates, Booth and Cruickshank are
noted. Bates and Booth were Englishmen who developed what are usually
referred to as 'English Shorthorns.' Cruickshank was a Scotchman who
developed the 'Scotch Shorthorns.' The Bates type of Shorthorns were
noted for their style and good milking qualities. Cruickshank's cattle
were thicker, blockier, and meatier.
Most of the early importations of Shorthorns to America came from
English herds and were of the Bates and Booth types; those that came
directly from the Bates herd or descendants of that herd had very good
milking qualities.
As explained, the Milking Shorthorn is not a separate and distinct
breed, but rather a segment of the Shorthorn breed. The pedigrees of
both the Milking Shorthorn and the scotch Shorthorn trace to the same
foundation animals if carried to breed origin.
Shorthorns Enter USA in 1783
An unknown number of both types, the milk breed and the beef breed, were
brought from England by a Mr. Gough of Maryland and his partner, a Mr.
Miller of Virginia. Importations continued during the early 1800's and
the breed moved into New York, Kentucky, Ohio and deeper into the
Midwest. The first herd west of the Mississippi River is reported to
have been established by N. Cooper on his Ravenswood Farm in Missouri in
1839. Today, Milking Shorthorns are found in almost every area of the
United States.
It should be gratifying to anyone interested in Milking Shorthorns to
learn how much the breed contributed to the livelihood of our nation.
Its hardiness, wide range of adaptation and efficiency of production
provided milk, meat and transportation for our pioneers. The breed's
many attributes continue to provide a livelihood for the breeders of
today.
A Versatile Breed
The Milking Shorthorn breed is the most versatile of all breeds and this
is one of its greatest attributes. These docile cows efficiently
produce large volumes of nutritious milk each lactation and are large
enough to have a high salvage value when their long productive lives
finally come to an end. In addition, their healthy calves born each year
on regular calving intervals are spunky at birth, grow rapidly, and
those not kept for breeding stock and herd replacement make efficient
gains and hang very desirable grading carcasses.
Other attributes of the breed include ease of calving, ease of
management and economy of production, especially on home produced
roughages and grass.
One of the first official demonstrations of the production ability of
Milking Shorthorns was made at the World's Exposition in Chicago in 1893
where two of the leading cows of the test were Kitty Clay 3rd and Kitty
Clay 4th, the latter standing third in net profit over all breeds.
These sister cows became the foundation for the Clay cow family of
Milking Shorthorns, developed at Glenside Farm, Granville Center,
Pennsylvania.
Milking Shorthorns in the USA
Breeders began recording their Shorthorn cattle in 1846 with the first
volume of the American Herdbook. In 1882, the American Shorthorn
Breeders' Association was formed to register and promote both Milking
and Scotch (beef) Shorthorns. In 1912, a group of Milking Shorthorn
breeders organized the Milking Shorthorn Club to work within the
framework of ASBA. Its membership was interested in advertising the good
milk qualities of the breed by keeping official milk records and
encouraging breed improvements.
The American Milking Shorthorn Society (AMSS) incorporated in 1948 and
took over the registration and promotion of Milking Shorthorns. In April
1950, the Milking Shorthorn office moved from Chicago to Springfield,
Missouri. Milking Shorthorns were declared a dairy breed in 1969 and in
1972 became members of the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association. The
Society national office moved to its present home, Beloit, Wisconsin in
1986.
Milking Shorthorn breeders in the USA have many opportunities for
improving the genetics of their animals by participating in the breed's
official production testing, type trait appraisal, gain performance,
national shows and breed promotion programs.
Breeders can use semen from the breed's highest proven bulls. Semen of
high genetic value is also available from carefully selected young sires
approved by the Young Sire Committee. Also, two grade-up programs make
it possible for anyone to bring outstanding neglected purebreds back
into the Official Herd Book and to introduce the best of other
internationally recognized high producing breeds into a program with
rigid requirements.
It is a fact that no breed has made greater improvement during the past
15 years and even greater increases are expected in the future. Milking
Shorthorns have become more dairy and more angular and improved udder
quality. Anyone having the opportunity to observe recent national
Milking Shorthorn shows can not help but be impressed by the number of
superior individuals presented which were bred by breeders from coast to
coast.
09.17
Prasetyo
